劍橋雅思系列是同學(xué)們?cè)趥淇贾凶詈玫慕滩闹唬酝瑢W(xué)們?cè)趥淇嫉臅r(shí)候是要準(zhǔn)備一些這方面的資料的。新航道雅思小編今日整理了關(guān)于劍6雅思閱讀原文譯文及解析,希望對(duì)烤鴨們的雅思備考提供幫助。

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  Climate Change and the Inuit

  The threat posed by climate change in the Arctic and the problems faced by Canada’s Inuit people

  氣候變化與因紐特人

  北極地區(qū)氣候變化造成的威脅和加拿大因紐特人(亦稱“愛斯基摩人”)面臨的困境

  A Unusual incidents are being reported across the Arctic. Inuit families going off on snowmobiles to prepare their summer hunting camps have found themselves cut off from home by a sea of mud, following early thaws. There are reports of igloos losing their insulating properties as the snow drips and refreezes, of lakes draining into the sea as permafrost melts, and sea ice breaking up earlier than usual, carrying seals beyond the reach of hunters. Climate change may still be a rather abstract idea to most of us, but in the Arctic it is already having dramatic effects — if summertime ice continues to shrink at its present rate, the Arctic Ocean could soon become virtually ice-free in summer. The knock-on effects are likely to include more warming, cloudier skies, increased precipitation and higher sea levels. Scientists are increasingly keen to find out what’s going on because they consider the Arctic the ‘canary in the mine’ for global warming — a warning of what’s in store for the rest of the world.

  A 據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)，罕見事件在北極各地不斷發(fā)生。許多因紐特家庭在乘坐雪地汽車離開居住地去為夏季狩獵露營(yíng)地做準(zhǔn)備時(shí)，被大片因提早解凍而形成的泥沼隔斷了回家的路。相關(guān)報(bào)道層出不窮，圓頂冰屋的雪磚在融化滴落后又再次凍結(jié)，損壞了大量絕緣物品;凍土層融化，使湖水流入海洋;海冰比往年提前破碎，漂流的碎冰將海豹帶到了獵人們力所不及的狩獵范圍之外。對(duì)我們中的大多數(shù)人來說，氣候變化或許還是一個(gè)相當(dāng)抽象的概念，但在北極地區(qū)這已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響。如果夏季海冰以現(xiàn)有的速度繼續(xù)消融，不久之后浮冰就會(huì)在夏季的北冰洋上完全消失。氣候變化的連鎖效應(yīng)還包括氣溫升高、云層增厚、降水量增加和海平面升高。科學(xué)家們致力于研究氣候變化的原因，因?yàn)樗麄冋J(rèn)為在全球變暖的進(jìn)程中，北極是能夠警示危險(xiǎn)到來的“礦井里的金絲雀”警告著我們北極地區(qū)的現(xiàn)狀就是全世界的未來。

  B For the Inuit the problem is urgent. They live in precarious balance with one of the toughest environments on earth. Climate change, whatever its causes, is a direct threat to their way of life. Nobody knows the Arctic as well as the locals, which is why they are not content simply to stand back and let outside experts tell them what’s happening. In Canada, where the Inuit people are jealously guarding their hard-won autonomy in the country’s newest territory, Nunavut, they believe their best hope of survival in this changing environment lies in combining their ancestral knowledge with the best of modern science. This is a challenge in itself.

  B 對(duì)因紐特人來說，形勢(shì)非常緊迫，問題亟待解決。他們生活在地球上最艱苦的地方與周圍環(huán)境保摶著不穩(wěn)定的平衡。無論造成何種影響，氣候變化都是他們生活方式的直接威脅。當(dāng)?shù)鼐用癖热魏稳硕几恿私獗睒O，因此他們不會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單地滿足于自己袖手旁觀而讓外國(guó)專家們告知他們北極的現(xiàn)狀。努納武特地區(qū)是加拿大最新成立的特別行政區(qū)，當(dāng)?shù)氐囊蚣~特人一直努力維護(hù)來之不易的自治權(quán)。他們認(rèn)為在不斷變化的環(huán)境中，生存的最大希望在于將先人的智慧與先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代科學(xué)相結(jié)合。但這本身就是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。

  C The Canadian Arctic is a vast, treeless polar desert that’s covered with snow for most of the year. Venture into this terrain and you get some idea of the hardships facing anyone who calls this home. Farming is out of the question and nature offers meagre pickings. Humans first settled in the Arctic a mere 4,500 years ago, surviving by exploiting sea mammals and fish. The environment tested them to the limits: sometimes the colonists were successful, sometimes they failed and vanished. But around a thousand years ago, one group emerged that was uniquely well adapted to cope with the Arctic environment. These Thule people moved in from Alaska, bringing kayaks, sleds, dogs, pottery and iron tools. They are the ancestors of today’s Inuit people.

  C 加拿大北極區(qū)是一片廣袤荒蕪的極地荒漠，一年中多半時(shí)間都被冰雪所覆蓋。踏上這片土地，你就會(huì)明白以此為家的人們的處境有多么艱苦。農(nóng)耕種植絕不可能，而可供采摘的食物也寥寥無幾。四千五百年前，人類首次在北極地區(qū)定居，并且以捕捉海洋哺乳動(dòng)物和魚類為生。環(huán)境的考驗(yàn)將他們生存的潛力逼迫到了極限：有時(shí)他們成功幸存，而有時(shí)則遭受失敗并滅亡。然而，大約一千年前出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)種族，他們以獨(dú)一無二的方式很好地適應(yīng)了北極地區(qū)的環(huán)境。這些圖勒人從阿拉斯加遷至北極，并帶來了皮艇、雪橇、狗、 陶器和鐵質(zhì)工具。他們是現(xiàn)今因紐特人的祖先。

  D Life for the descendants of the Thule people is still harsh. Nunavut is 1.9 million square kilometres of rock and ice, and a handful of islands around the North Pole. It’s currently home to 2,500 people, all but a handful of them indigenous Inuit. Over the past 40 years, most have abandoned their nomadic ways and settled in the territory’s 28 isolated communities, but they still rely heavily on nature to provide food and clothing. Provisions available in local shops have to be flown into Nunavut on one of the most costly air networks in the world, or brought by supply ship during the few ice-free weeks of summer. It would cost a family around ￡7,000 a year to replace meat they obtained themselves through hunting with imported meat. Economic opportunities are scarce, and for many people state benefits are their only income.

  D 對(duì)圖勒人的子缽后代來說，生活依然殘酷而艱苦。努納武特地區(qū)包括一百九十萬平方公里被巖石和冰雪覆蓋的陸地，以及此極點(diǎn)附近的幾個(gè)島嶼。現(xiàn)在，除了少數(shù)幾個(gè)人之外，該地區(qū)兩千五百名居民幾乎均為因紐特原住民。在過去的四十年中，大多數(shù)人都放棄了游牧生活而定居在該地區(qū)二十八個(gè)相互獨(dú)立的社區(qū)，但他們?nèi)耘f主要依賴于大自然來獲取食物與衣服。當(dāng)?shù)厣痰瓿鍪鄣娜粘１匦杵肥峭ㄟ^世界上運(yùn)費(fèi)最昂貴的航線之一進(jìn)行運(yùn)輸，或是通過只有在夏季不結(jié)冰的幾個(gè)星期里才能航行的供應(yīng)船運(yùn)送進(jìn)努納武特地區(qū)的。一個(gè)家庭每年大約要花費(fèi)七千英鎊才能用進(jìn)口的肉食來取代他們自己獵取的肉類。在這里，經(jīng)濟(jì)機(jī)遇極少，政府補(bǔ)助金是許多人唯一的收人來源。

  E While the Inuit may not actually starve if hunting and trapping are curtailed by climate change, there has certainly been an impact on people’s health. Obesity, heart disease and diabetes are beginning to appear in a people for whom these have never before been problems. There has been a crisis of identity as the traditional skills of hunting, trapping and preparing skins have begun to disappear. In Nunavut’s ‘igloo and email’ society, where adults who were born in igloos have children who may never have been out on the land, there’s a high incidence of depression.

  E 即使氣候變化阻礙了狩獵和誘捕，因紐特人或許也不會(huì)真的挨餓受凍，但氣候變化的確影響了人們的健康。人們開始患上肥胖癥、心臟病和糖尿病，而這些疾病曾經(jīng)根本不會(huì)對(duì)因紐特人的健康構(gòu)成威脅。隨著狩獵、誘捕和剝皮等傳統(tǒng)手藝的失傳，人們面臨著嚴(yán)重的身份危機(jī)。在努納武特地區(qū)“圓頂冰星加電子郵件”的社會(huì)中，父母出生在冰屋之中，而其子女們或許從來沒有到野外狩獵的經(jīng)歷，憂郁癥頻繁發(fā)生。

  F With so much at stake, the Inuit are determined to play a key role in teasing out the mysteries of climate change in the Arctic. Having survived there for centuries, they believe their wealth of traditional knowledge is vital to the task. And Western scientists are starting to draw on this wisdom, increasingly referred to as ‘Intelligence Quotient’, or IQ. ‘In the early days scientists ignored us when they came up here to study anything. They just figured these people don’t know very much so we won’t ask them,’ says John Amagoalik, an Inuit leader and politician. ‘But in recent years IQ has had much more credibility and weight.’ In fact it is now a requirement for anyone hoping to get permission to do research that they consult the communities, who are helping to set the research agenda to reflect their most important concerns. They can turn down applications from scientists they believe will work against their interests, or research projects that will impinge too much on their daily lives and traditional activities.

  F 在情況危急之下，因紐特人決定在解開北極地區(qū)氣候變化之謎的過程中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用。因紐特人在當(dāng)?shù)厣盍藥装倌辏麄兿嘈艂鹘y(tǒng)知識(shí)的財(cái)富對(duì)于這項(xiàng)任務(wù)的完成至關(guān)重要。西方的科學(xué)家們也開始逐漸吸收借鑒傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)，并將其稱為“因紐特智慧”或IQ。因紐特首領(lǐng)兼政治家約翰?阿瑪高利克說：“在科學(xué)家們來到這里展開研究工作的初期，他們忽視我們的存在。他們或許這樣認(rèn)為：反正因紐特人懂得的知識(shí)也不多，我們?yōu)槭裁匆蛩麄冋?qǐng)教呢?但是近年來，IQ已經(jīng)逐漸顯示出其可信度和重要性。”事實(shí)上，現(xiàn)在任何人若想得到在努納武特地區(qū)開展科學(xué)研究的許可，都必須咨詢當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)，而社區(qū)則會(huì)協(xié)助安排研究日程，并在日程安排中反映出其關(guān)心的重要問題。他們可以拒絕可能損害社區(qū)利益的科研申請(qǐng)，或者否決可能嚴(yán)重影響當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢粘Ｉ詈蛡鹘y(tǒng)活動(dòng)的科研項(xiàng)目。

  G Some scientists doubt the value of traditional knowledge because the occupation of the Arctic doesn’t go back far enough. Others, however, point out that the first weather stations in the far north date back just 50 years. There are still huge gaps in our environmental knowledge, and despite the scientific onslaught, many predictions are no more than best guesses. IQ could help to bridge the gap and resolve the tremendous uncertainty about how much of what we’re seeing is natural capriciousness and how much is the consequence of human activity.

  G 某些科學(xué)家質(zhì)疑傳統(tǒng)知識(shí)的價(jià)值，認(rèn)為因紐特人在北極地區(qū)居住的時(shí)間太短。除此之外，另一些人指出北極地區(qū)第一批氣象站也僅僅是五十年前才建立的。現(xiàn)今，我們的環(huán)境知識(shí)還很匱乏，即使以科學(xué)的發(fā)展為依據(jù)，許多預(yù)測(cè)也不過是大膽的猜測(cè)而巳。IQ能夠填補(bǔ)我們現(xiàn)有環(huán)境知識(shí)的空白，并且能夠解決一個(gè)巨大的疑問，即我們所見的現(xiàn)象是自然環(huán)境的反復(fù)無常還是人類活動(dòng)的必然后果。

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