12月7日SAT考試結束，新航道上海學校SAT頻道的老師們帶來了熱乎乎的SAT考情回顧，希望對SAT考試的學員們有所幫助!

  寫作部分：12月亞太區考題

  2019年12月SAT亞太區寫作考題所選取的文章為Steve Lipsher于2013年在The Denver Post 上發表的“ The value of professional photographers can’t be overstated(原文附后)”，其主要觀點為：專業攝影師的價值是不容忽視的。

  文章約835詞，屬于正常范圍，雖然有一定數目的稍難詞匯，但總體不難理解，寫作技巧分析方面也沒有太多障礙，屬于中等難度。

  這篇文章與College Board發布的SAT Study Guide 2020里第157頁Sample Passage 1(選文1)關注的問題有一定相似性。SAT Study Guide 2020上的文章作者是Peter S. Goodman，題目是“Foreign News at a Crisis Point”，于2013年發表于TheHuffingtonPost.com。

  Goodman指出，美國報刊雜志上外國新聞的占比急劇下滑，同時，新聞機構的專業國際新聞記者、駐外辦公點的數量也都大幅下降，這些趨勢都會帶來負面影響。

  值得一提的是，上述兩篇文章都提到了“citizen journalists(公民記者)”，這是什么概念呢?

  請看《中國日報》的報道：

  Citizen journalism就是“公民新聞”，指從新聞的采訪寫作，到編輯發布，都不假手于專業記者或編輯，完全由“讀者”自己采寫，這些讀者則被稱為citizen journalist(公民記者)。全世界第一位citizen journalism當屬1998年在其個人博客中對克林頓Zip Gate性丑聞曝光的美國人德拉吉。

  公民新聞相較于傳統新聞的優點在于可以在第一時間在現場進行real-time reporting(實時報道)。相較mainstream media(主流媒體)而言，也多了更多的vividness(生動性)。在突發事件的報道中，citizen journalism正在發揮越來越重要的作用。

  然而，SAT今年12月亞太考題與SAT Study Guide 2020上的“Foreign News at a Crisis Point”都深刻地分析了過于依賴citizen journalists的不良后果。

  寫作技巧分析

  不難看出，文章作者Steve Lipsher用了包括但不限于以下幾種手法來增強自己觀點的說服力(原文附后)：

  技巧一：舉例子(exemplification)

  例如，文章開篇提到的Bill Linfield是一個業余的攝影師，他免費或接近免費的投稿一旦被報紙或者電視等媒體接受，就意味著專業的新聞攝影師失去了相應的展現他們作品的機會。

  這就是作者用來說服讀者的例子之一，以證明“劣幣驅逐良幣”的這一道理(嚴格來講，是非專業性的作品擠壓了專業的、需要精心打磨推敲的、更優質的作品的存在空間)。

  技巧二：引用(quotation或者citation)

  在描述非專業作品帶來的負面影響時，文章作者引用了電視臺9News的主持人Kyle Clark的評價：“Why is it that every time it snows that we whip out photos of our patio sets like we’re showing off baby photos of our kids? Is that really the best we can do?...Let’s be more original the next time the snow flies.”

  很明顯，Clark在抱怨，citizen journalists們，即普羅大眾們，非專業的新聞攝影師們，沒能夠拍出很精美、有原創性的雪景照。文章作者借由這樣一段稍長的直接引用內容，來加強自己的觀點—流失了專業的攝影師，也就流失了好的創意、好的藝術作品，十分可惜。

  技巧三：邏輯說理(reasoning)

  文章一開始的切入點是一位有極高拍照熱情的非專業攝影師，他的作品被Summit Daily News免費使用，乍看上去，這類事件對社會影響較為有限，而且影響仿佛僅限于當地(Summit County)。

  但是作者巧妙地一步步鋪陳開來，讓讀者逐步意識到，這個問題的影響實際遠比開頭所描述的的范圍大很多。

  比如在第8段，他指出”Of course, the issue isn’t limited to Summit County.”讀者們便能得知，全國范圍內的報紙幾乎都存在同樣的問題。

  接下來，在第11段，作者說：”And it’s not just newspapers.”讀者開始發現，在其它的媒體領域，不僅僅是報紙，專業的新聞攝影師生存之地也在不斷被壓縮。

  接近文章末尾，第17段，作者不再只是描述全國報紙、電視等相關的專業攝影師，而是提到：

  “Any professional photographer these days can recount being asked to take photos for free or to accept insultingly low fees”。也就是說，在日常生活的方方面面，專業攝影師的價值都被低估了，他們付出了勞動和心血，卻沒有獲得相應的報酬。

  就這樣一步步，作者把現在專業攝影師所面對的巨大壓力一步步呈現、講述給讀者。

  The value of professional photographers can’t be overstated

  by Steve Lipsher

  1.Bill Linfield is a friend, a great guy and a superb amateur photographer who takes pride in his exemplary wildlife and landscape photos.

  2. So why is he persona non grata among the professional photographers in Summit County?

  3. Because Linfield freely — and that’s the appropriate word here — shares his work with the Summit Daily News, which never replaced its beloved longtime photographer, Mark Fox, upon his retirement and which instead relies upon the kindness of strangers for its Page 1 photos.

  4. “I take photos daily because I have a passion for it and enjoy sharing the beauty of where I am able to live and play,” Linfield said. “Besides, if I don’t share my photos, why am I taking them?”

  5. Local professional photographers lament that Linfield and others offering their work without compensation are enabling the paper to devalue photography, which they contend remains an integral part of newspaper storytelling.

  6. Matt Lit, a Summit County photography educator at Colorado Mountain College and a former news photographer, praises Linfield’s work as “quite stunning” but fears it is another step in the inexorable march toward the demise of professional photojournalism. Good photography lures in readers who, as a result, see the advertising that supports the news outlet, he said.

  7. “Once upon a time, I used to earn money selling my photos,” Lit said. “If I sold a photo to a television station to use on their broadcast, that’s air time and that’s valuable stuff. What’s the equivalent ad rate for that amount of air time or for that amount of newspaper space?”

  8. Of course, the issue isn’t limited to Summit County. Newspapers all across the country have been cutting photographer positions, with the Chicago Sun-Times in May taking the extreme position of eliminating its entire full-time photo staff, then saying four of the 28 will be rehired. (The Denver Post has not been immune to industry-wide downsizing, unfortunately, but it still retains the core of its top-drawer photographers, including two-time Pulitzer Prize winner Craig F. Walker.)

  9. Last month, David Becker of PetaPixel pointed out that the annual American Society of News Editors newsroom census, compared year over year, shows that U.S. newspapers are employing 43 percent fewer photographers, videographers and artists than they were in 2000.

  10. In many cases, media outlets now are asking reporters to take cameras with them on assignments or simply relying on “crowd sourcing,” in which “citizen journalists” — basically anyone with an iPhone in his pocket — can snap pictures and willingly share them.

  11. And it’s not just newspapers.

  12. Linfield’s work also has appeared periodically on 9News, where anchor Kyle Clark recently had the audacity to complain in a special on-air editorial that readers were sending in boring photos depicting snowfall on patio furniture.

  13. “Why is it that every time it snows that we whip out photos of our patio sets like we’re showing off baby photos of our kids? Is that really the best we can do?” he grumbled. “We live in one of the most beautiful spots on Earth, but we point our cameras toward the back porch … . Let’s be more original the next time the snow flies.”

  14. That’s right: Clark is protesting the quality of free photos that 9News receives from amateurs.

  15. Summit County photographer friend of mine, Tim Faust, doesn’t fault the media for taking advantage of free photography but does think that complaints like those raised by Clark are a case of beggars can’t be choosers.

  16. “It is supply and demand,” Faust said. “If people are willing to provide free images, then why should media pay for them? However, I take issue with a media outlet complaining about the lack of quality of their free images.”

  17. Any professional photographer these days can recount being asked to take photos for free or to accept insultingly low fees: friends want a “quick” portrait, businesses request “cheap” images for their websites and brochures, wedding parties can’t understand why they need to pay so much for what they don’t realize typically amounts to more than just a day’s labor.

  18. Yet just a few days ago, we were all reacquainted with some indelible 50-year-old images from newspapers that remind us how powerful good photography can be in telling a story: Jackie Kennedy standing stoically in her blood-stained pink dress and pillbox hat as LBJ took the oath of office on that crowded airplane, Ruby shooting Oswald, John-John saluting his father’s coffin.

  19. It is a shame that professional photography is being so undervalued today, and that’s made even worse when media outlets exacerbate the impression that it’s not worth paying for good photos.

  寫作部分：12月北美考題

  2019年12月SAT北美卷寫作考題所選取的文章為Susan Wojcicki(時任著名視頻網站YouTube CEO)于2014年在The Wall Street Journal 上發表的“Paid Maternity Leave Is Good for Business(原文附后)”其主要觀點為：“帶薪產假制度對于女性休假者本人、她的家庭、她所服務的公司都會產生積極的影響。”

  原文章長約872詞，總體通俗易懂，寫作技巧的辨識方面屬于中低難度。

  寫作技巧分析

  Susan Wojcicki用了包括但不限于以下幾種手法來增強自己觀點的說服力(原文附后)：

  技巧一：個人經歷(personal experience/anecdote)

  文章第一段描述了作者本人剛加入Google時的情況。她曾將車庫租給謝爾蓋·布林和Google的另一位創始人拉里·佩吉，作為辦公場所。1999年，她加入了這個當時只有15個雇員而且并未開始盈利的公司，那時候，她正懷著自己的第一個寶寶。

  作為公司成長的見證者和推動者，在2014年，寫這篇文章的時候，她已經是鼎鼎有名的YouTube視頻網站的CEO(YouTube歸屬Google旗下)，并且身懷她的第五個小孩。

  她每次懷孕都享受到了帶薪產假，而且帶薪產假的時間逐步增長。作為親歷者，她并不是以一個大權在握的企業高管的角度來評判這個制度，而是從一個普通的女性雇員的角度來闡述帶薪產假給女性帶來的好處，以此來呼吁美國各州設置帶薪產假這一人性化管理制度，顯得十分誠懇、可信。

  技巧二：對調查或研究結果等的引用(citation of research and surveys)

  文中很頻繁地引用了調查或研究結果，選取的調查或研究結果來自于公眾信任的信息發布方，即權威機構，為自己的觀點提供了強有力的支撐。

  比如，在第四段，作者引用了聯合國的一項調查，她提到：“According to a survey released in May by the United Nations’International Labor Organization, the U.S. is the only country in the developed world that doesn’t offer government-mandated paid maternity leave.”以及第五段，她引用了美國勞工部的數據， “According to the Labor Department, that patchwork of corporate and state benefits covers only 12% of private workers. ”

  這兩處引用都來自于非常專業的機構，從引用的這幾句來看，讀者們了解到這樣一個事實：美國是發達國家里唯一一個還沒有實行強制帶薪休假政策的國家;能享受到公司或者工廠帶薪休產假這一福利的雇員占比是很小的。

  引用調查和研究結果的例子在本文中可以說是非常豐富，從第六段至第八段，每一段都能找到對應的部分去例舉和闡述。

  技巧三：邏輯說理(reasoning)

  較為明顯的是，作者用了對比(contrast)，來說明帶薪休假的好處： “Mothers were able to take the time they needed to bond with their babies and return to their jobs feeling confident and ready. And it’s much better for Google’s bottom line—to avoid costly turnover, and to retain the valued expertise, skills and perspective of our employees who are mothers.”

  這句話說明，如果這種人性化的制度不執行到位，那么公司的雇員流失率將會非常大，給公司帶來的損失可能是高昂的。但相對而言，實施這項制度將增長女性工作的積極性，從而對公司本身產生明顯有利的結果。

  Paid Maternity Leave Is Good for Business

  by Susan Wojcicki

  1. I was Google’s first employee to go on maternity leave. In 1999, I joined the startup that founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin had recently started in my garage. I was four months pregnant. At the time the company had no revenue and only 15 employees, almost all of whom were male. Joining a startup pregnant with my first child was risky, but Larry and Sergey assured me I’d have their support.

  2. This month, I’ll go on maternity leave once again—my fifth time—joining the nearly 5,000 women who have done so since I joined Google. And though I’m now CEO of YouTube (which is owned by Google), I’ll be entitled to the same benefits as every single woman at the company who has a baby: 18 weeks of paid maternity leave.

  3. Having experienced how valuable paid maternity leave is to me, my family and my career, I never thought of it as a privilege. But the sad truth is that paid maternity leave is rare in America, and the U.S. lags behind the rest of the world in providing for the needs of pregnant women and new mothers.

  4. According to a survey released in May by the United Nations’ International Labor Organization, the U.S. is the only country in the developed world that doesn’t offer government-mandated paid maternity leave. Every other developed country offers paid maternity leave benefits through social-security programs, so businesses don’t have to shoulder the entire cost. Paid maternity leave isn’t just a First World perk—the U.S. is one of only two countries of the 185 surveyed that does not offer it. The other is Papua New Guinea.

  5. There are two ways women in America can receive paid maternity leave. They can work for a generous employer that provides it as a benefit. Or they can live in one of the few states—California, Hawaii, New Jersey, New York and Rhode Island—that have publicly funded paid-maternity-leave laws. According to the Labor Department, that patchwork of corporate and state benefits covers only 12% of private workers. Low-wage earners, those in the bottom income quartile, have it much worse: only 5% get any paid maternity leave. The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 is a step in the right direction, but it is unpaid and doesn’t cover half the working women in the U.S.

  6. In study after study, the ILO and other labor and health organizations have shown how harmful a lack of paid maternity leave can be for mothers and their babies. Many times when faced with insufficient maternity leave, mothers choose to drop out of the workforce, leading to a considerable loss of income during a woman’s most productive years. Or it can force a woman back to work too quickly, with adverse effects on her and her child’s health.

  7. A quarter of all women in the U.S. return to work fewer than 10 days after giving birth, leaving them less time to bond with their children, making breast-feeding more difficult and increasing their risk of postpartum depression. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, suboptimal breast-feeding causes higher rates of infant illness and hospitalization that cost billions of dollars annually.

  8. Paid maternity leave is also good for business. After California instituted paid medical leave, a survey in 2011 by the Center for Economic and Policy Research found that 91% of employers said the policy either boosted profits or had no effect. They also noted improved productivity, higher morale and reduced turnover.

  9. That last point is one we’ve seen at Google. When we increased paid maternity leave to 18 from 12 weeks in 2007, the rate at which new moms left Google fell by 50%. (We also increased paternity leave to 12 weeks from seven, as we know that also has a positive effect on families and our business.) Mothers were able to take the time they needed to bond with their babies and return to their jobs feeling confident and ready. And it’s much better for Google’s bottom line—to avoid costly turnover, and to retain the valued expertise, skills and perspective of our employees who are mothers.

  10. Best of all, mothers come back to the workforce with new insights. I know from experience that being a mother gave me a broader sense of purpose, more compassion and a better ability to prioritize and get things done efficiently. It also helped me understand the specific needs and concerns of mothers, who make most household spending decisions and control more than $2 trillion of purchasing power in the U.S.

  11. I’ve been lucky to have the support of a company that values motherhood as much as Google. And I’ve been lucky to live in a state like California that supports working mothers. But support for motherhood shouldn’t be a matter of luck; it should be a matter of course. Paid maternity leave is good for mothers, families and business. America should have the good sense to join nearly every other country in providing it.

  數學部分：亞太&北美區

  亞太區

  出乎意料的，亞太區的考試內容繼續重復美國本土今年六月份考試的某一罕見版本試卷內容(NAPH308)，分數曲線會大致呈現以下規律：

  Errors               Score

  -1                    770

  -2                    760 or 750

  -3                    740

  -4                    730

  -5                    710

  -6                    700

  -7                    690

  -8                    690

  相較十月份的考情，十二月份數學兩部分的難度均有下降。其中非計算器部分難度下降幅度較大，除了在本份試卷各部分中難度最低，也使得其難度明顯弱于計算器部分;相較于六月份的其他版本試卷數學兩部分而言非計算器部分難度幾近墊底，而計算器部分難度中等。

  除了考察常規知識點外，令學生印象深刻的考點還有：關于高次方程的解與相應函數圖像與橫軸交點的關系、多個函數極值的關系、指數函數的平移、一次方程組的求解、圓的解析幾何表達式。

  北美區

  北美區周六的考試內容也在重復美國本土今年六月份考試的某一罕見版本試卷內容(NAPC303);非計算器部分除了在本份試卷各部分中難度最低，也使得其難度明顯弱于計算器部分;相較于六月份的其他版本試卷數學兩部分而言非計算器部分難度甚至墊底，而計算器部分難度中等。

  除了考察常規知識點外，令學生印象深刻的考點還有：二次函數的頂點式、線性/指數混合不等式的取值推斷、三角函數計算、使一次方程有無窮解的條件、弧度制計算。

  文法部分：亞太區

  本次12月7日結束的SAT亞太卷的語法難度中等偏上, 相較近幾次考試難度有所上升. 雖然考試的題型比較常規，篇章理解題目的增加加高了對考生理解文章細節要求， 總體時間比較緊迫。

  本次考試的考點比較常規，考點搭配比較均衡, 基本沒有出現新奇特的考點。但是這次考試對細節和文章理解的要求比較高，這就使得考試的難度處在中等偏上。

  篇章內容

  Passage 1 Location matters

  生物學家研究稀有物種大陸龜的過程中發現它的行為與我們傳統認知的偏差，之前只研究了小區域范圍的。但是經過長期觀察，這樣結果是不科學的。只有多區域調查才能發現此類物種其實是活動范圍比較大并且本身很活躍的。為了讓研究的結論更科學，生態學家們對多個區域同時研究，最終得出更加準確的結論。

  Passage 2 Hip Hop meets native American tradition

  與印第安傳統文章大意概述Hip-Hop和印第安文化混搭，能擦出怎樣的火花?這篇文章主要講述了一個印第安小伙子把自己的民族文化與Hip-Hop的嘻哈風結合在一起，唱出了自己的特征，一方面傳播了印第安文化，另一方面也彰顯了自己的個性。

  Passage 3 UNCLOS and the arctic

  文章講述氣候變暖北極的冰層融化，裸露了大量凍土和土地，它們的開發利用出現了爭議。北極圈附近國家也開始爭相行動，北冰洋大陸架的探索工作也是如火如荼地展開，不可避免的出現了爭議。UNCLOS法案規定該區域內的自然資源歸屬于大陸架所屬國家所有，平息了爭議。

  Passage 4 A clothes career

  主要講述服裝設計師的商業模式和發展。Jason Wu為女明星制作的頒獎典禮的禮服精美華麗，設計理念得到了大家認同，從而名聲大噪，自己的品牌的發展也這個品牌也漸漸進入時尚界的視野，名聲大噪，欣欣向榮。Jason Wu的事例揭示了在當今社會，要想取得斐然成績，一方面要有真才實學，另一方面還要學會營銷自己。

  2020年備考建議

  1夯實基礎，重點復習句子結構, 主謂一致, 名詞所有格及標點(逗號, 破折號, 括號)等高頻的考點。

  目前難點集中在標點題和動詞題, 題型常規但對細節要求較高, 科技文中在一些專有名詞上設計標點題, 對考生理解文本含義的要求較高。

  2 篇章題方面，主要考察論點論據間的對應關系, 文章主旨題, 合并句子題, 句子排序題及簡潔性原則等. 其中文章主旨題和論點論據的對應關系題目多次出現。

  篇章題考察的重點放在對文本的理解上, 體現在文章段落結構和主旨以及論點論據對應關系, 考生必須在對文章和段落結構有清晰的把握的前提下, 才能在有限的時間內做對題目。

  閱讀部分：亞太&北美區

  亞太閱讀部分

  Passage 1 文學

  The Inheritance of Exile: Stories from South Philly by Susan Muaddi Darraj

  女主Siham與老公Nader從耶路撒冷來到美國費城，樂于探索新家周圍的環境。這里街道布置得井然有序，人來人往。在這里居住也有優點，就是這里的意大利市場可以買到想買的所有的東西，從西紅柿到咖啡豆再到浴巾，一應俱全。意大利市場很像耶路撒冷的集市，遍布商品和小販的叫賣聲，但和耶路撒冷不同的是，這里不能砍價。

  Siham回憶與老公Nader的戀愛故事。同樣都是買了個錢包，她花了8塊，而Nader花了14塊，Nader被她砍價的功力吸引，在一定催化劑的作用下發生了化學反應，進而追求她。在她的眼中，Nader只不過是個美籍阿拉伯暴發戶而已，當然在一系列互動之后，在Nader討好她的家人之后，比如夸獎她媽媽做的辣辣炸豆腐丸子很好吃，做的酸奶很好喝，還讓她的小妹妹騎在他脖子上。Nader成功的追到了她。由于Siham家鄉經濟下滑得厲害，她最后帶著全家人移民到了美國。

  Passage 2 歷史雙篇

  1 Address in New York City at the Cornerstone Laying of the United Nations Building

  2 Some Reflections on Peace in Our Time

  第一篇文章選自美國總統杜魯門在1949年參加聯合國奠基儀式的演講，表達了建立聯合國的目的在于維護世界和平、解決國際爭端以及為各個國家樹立了公平和正義的標桿。同時也表達了致力于維護人權的決心。

  聯合國總部是世界上最重要的建筑群，因為它象征著對和平和美好生活的向往。我們美國人為聯合國總部設立在美國感到無比自豪，奠基儀式象征著聯合國的發展邁入了新的歷史階段。它象征著聯合國組織充滿活力、穩步發展，將高效的處理、解決問題。它象征著全世界人民的希望與理想。我們希望最終每個國家都成為聯合國合格的、忠實的成員國。

  聯合國憲章很清晰的展示了我們解決國際問題的決心。它為所有國家設定了人權和公正的標準。這些標準不容忽視與違背。聯合國憲章非常重視保護人權，并且各個成員國也意識到了保護人權對于政治、經濟和社會發展的重要性。

  聯合國建立和平世界的另外一個手段是促進經濟發展。因此，我(杜魯門總統)敦促盡最大努力利用現代技術與投資促進貧困地區發展。

  第二篇文章選自美國政治學家拉爾夫·本奇的演講，其主要觀點為聯合國反映了人類關系的弱點及優秀的品質。因此，聯合國有其優勢也有其劣勢，它很強大，同時也很懦弱，它例行職責的能力受到了很多因素的制約，比如國家主權，但其機動的靈活性也順應了國與國之間的紛爭，并在持續發揮其作用。

  聯合國建立的宗旨是希望五個超級強國和諧一致的為建立更好的世界秩序努力。期望目前東西方及冷戰的僵局結束。因為聯合國的性質，每個成員國的行動都是依照自己的意愿，這使得聯合國的行動力受到了限制。但盡管如此，聯合國還是作為一個靈活的組織在國際間有效的發揮自己的作用。

  Passage 3 科學文章

  Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World

  文章開頭介紹出Carboniferous(石炭紀)有些巨型生物giants，作者猜測可能跟氧氣水平有關，但缺乏現代生態學證據。傳統觀點認為polar gigantism是由于體型和溫度的反比關系造成的，但是這么直接的關系無法很好解釋polar gigantism。

  隨后科學家提出了一個新的觀點，即真正的反比關系不是體型和溫度，而是體型和含氧量。隨后研究證實了確實是這個關系，最后文章指出若大氣變暖，會造成溫度上升含氧量降低，amphipods動物面臨生存風險。

  Passage4 社科文章

  Democracy for Realists:Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government

  文章主要講述美國總統選舉對經濟的影響。強調選民缺乏個體理性和政治信息，依賴群體/黨派認同反向形成政治觀點。選民往往會受到經濟波動的影響。

  曾有學者認為選民的目光短淺會引發political business cycle，即在任總統想激發經濟增長，從而產生不良的社會影響。但大量研究證實由于多種原因，兩者關系并沒有這么清晰。

  其后研究人員想要證實經濟表現是否會因為在任總統聽從目光短淺的選民所受影響，結果是electoral cycle與收入增長的關系更大，因為選民對收入增長的反應更強烈，而且收入增長更容易被操控。

  Passage 5 科學文章

  The Myth of Antioxidants

  本次最后一篇科學文章主要闡述關于衰老的問題。關于衰老的傳統觀點認為，衰老的機理是由于體內自由基的氧化導致細胞損害從而引發衰老。但是一個科學家G的實驗卻發現促進氧化后的蟲子并沒有加快死亡，他們的壽命和正常蟲子一樣。

  其他科學家也發現了相似的情況，以嚙齒類動物里最長壽的裸鼴鼠為例，該物種生下來體內的抗氧化劑就比別的物種少，受到的氧化反應傷害也更大，但是它仍然是最長壽的嚙齒類動物。這些研究結果反駁了傳統的觀點，證實了自由基等高能分子的正面作用。因此，人類對衰老的認知又要重新修正。

  北美閱讀部分

  Passage 1 文學

  Dreaming in Cuban

  女主是一名藝術生，應其母親的要求在bakery opening之前畫畫。但是女主特別注重隱私，開始擔心母親會半夜進到她房間偷看畫，所以設計了陷阱以便于發現她是否真的進來。但是醒來檢查“陷阱”，發現母親并沒有偷看。

  開業前一晚，女主有些失眠，夜里進到母親房間想說畫不下去了，但是當母親醒了握著她的手，她原本準備好的話沒說出口。

  女主男朋友幫她把畫提前放到店里，用布遮住。第二天開業，放了音樂。母親穿著整齊在店里免費發放甜點。在沒揭開畫布時，女主想象著會聽到掌聲。但是事實上，有個人指著她的畫說“垃圾”，母親當時看到畫時，臉色都變了。但是聽到別人這么說女兒的畫時，她拿著包把那個人打走了。

  題目1：Which choice best describes the overall structure of the passage?

  答案：Suspense about a revelation builds to a surprising climax.

  題目2：Which choice best supports the idea that Pilar’s fear that her mother will secretly look at her painting is based on prior experience?

  答案：Lines 2-3 (“After all, her record doesn’t exactly inspire confidence.’)

  題目3：The main purpose of the second paragraph (lines 9-10) is to

  答案：Illustrate Pilar’s anxieties about her mother’s spying and her awareness that those anxieties may be unfounded.

  題目4：Based on the passage, which choice best describes how Pliar manages her feelings the night before her painting is unveiled?

  答案：She attempts to convince herself that if her mother is upset about the painting, that would be her mother’s fault, since she did not want to do the painting in the first place.

  題目5：Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

  答案：Lines 36-38 (“I try to calm down… cornered me into doing this painting.”)

  Passage 2歷史雙篇

  1 Albert Einstein Warns of Dangers in Nuclear Arms Race

  2 Address to the Nation on Defense and National Security

  第一篇文章作者愛因斯坦觀點：現在大國認為要通過加強核武器建設來進行國防。作者不支持該觀點。他認為美國不能把核武器當做維護和平的軍事力量，實際上核武器給美國和蘇聯都帶來了不確定性。愛因斯坦認為通過戰爭不可能獲得和平，而是要各國齊心協力，相互信任才能達到。

  第二篇文章作者總統里根觀點：作者指出，通過核武器鞏固國防是正確的，我們不發起戰爭，只是通過核武器進行防御。我們通過強大自己來保證本國和平，因為軟弱只會遭受攻擊。我們必須意識到我們的安全是建立在對一切威脅能夠應對自如的基礎上。蘇聯現在核武器發達，并且他們一直在研發強有力的導彈。而我們國家的導彈已經越來越過時。

  Passage3科學文章

  Darwinian Agriculture: How Understanding Evolution Can Improve Agriculture

  傳統觀點總認為雜交植物的生產力會比單交植物強。作者指出這個規律不一定適用于其它自然或農業領域。雜交植物生產力的平均值不一定比最好的單一植物生產力要弱。

  但文章給出的實驗確實表明雜交的生產力更強。作者在后半部分給出解釋說是因為單一植物的cover率很低，所以無法抗衡。不管是何種原因，這個實驗的單一植物表現不佳不能代表絕大多數單一農作物的生產力。

  Passage4社科文章

  R’ Is For Red: Common Words Share Similar Sounds in Many Languages

  語言學家曾經認為語言的發音和意思毫無關系，但是新研究駁斥了該觀點。科學家Blasi通過研究世界上三分之二的語言和用詞發現這樣的規律是存在的。

  這個研究的一個可能的限制是其涉及的含義還是很有限;另一個可能的問題是其他語言的一些細微變化并沒有注意到。最后文章總結這個問題的答案還有待進一步研究。

  Passage5 科學文章

  Nature’s Clocks: How Scientists Measure the Age of Almost Everything

  本文主要通過carbon確定生命起源的時間。科學家們一直對生命的早期跡象非常感興趣。他們認為生命跡象在Greenland rocks能找到答案。但是Greenland rocks太老了，不好確定是原來就sedimentary，還是igneous rocks。

  文章第二部分主要闡述通過碳12和碳13同位素來做研究的原理。得到的結果是Greenland samples確實顯示了生命跡象。若此為真，就能大概確定sediments的年紀，從而知道地球上的生命最早是什么時候出現的。

  寫作導師：蔣洋洋

  新航道上海學校SAT、ACT主講，劍橋大學管理學碩士，中國國際關系學院英美文學碩士。英語學術實力雄厚，11年教學生涯中教過的SAT寫作滿分者不計其數，學生紛紛錄取美國麻省理工大學、康奈爾大學、萊斯大學、范德堡大學、英國倫敦政治經濟學院、英屬哥倫比亞大學等頂尖名校。

  文法導師：龔雯

  新航道上海學校SAT、ACT主講。上海外國語大學英語科班出身，連續四年獲得獎學金榮譽。英語專業八級，持有高級口譯證書及教師資格證書。2013年榮獲新航道集團金牌教師稱號。曾代表上海分校參加集團SAT教學研討會。10年豐富的教學經驗，學員錄取哥倫比亞大學、康奈爾大學、賓夕法尼亞大學等各大名校。

  閱讀導師：董玉秀

  新航道上海學校SAT主講。大連外國語大學英語專業碩士畢業，英語專業八級，曾赴斯坦福大學訪學。7年多一線教學經驗，SAT高分及滿分學員眾多，學員遍及賓夕法尼亞沃頓商學院、哥倫比亞大學、芝加哥大學、西北大學、康奈爾大學等各大美國名校。

  數學導師：孟凌

  新航道上海學校托福、SAT、ACT、AP主講。大連理工大學英語語言文學碩士畢業。英語專業八級，TKT英語教學能力證書持有者。良好的學術背景確保充實的課堂內容與多樣的教學方法，碩士期間的科研經歷更確保學生充分理解進而掌握教學中所貫徹的思辨能力與閱讀方法。