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  作文機(jī)經(jīng)

  Issue

  Education will be truly effective only when it is specifically designed to meet the individual needs and interests of each student.

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position,you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題目翻譯

  只有針對每個(gè)學(xué)生的需要和興趣，教育才真正有效。

  提綱分析

  Position: There is no doubt that education should pay more attention on the needs and interests of students, but it is impossible for education to satisfy each individual.

  1、 從教育的目的上討論，興趣對教育的重要性;對個(gè)人，愛因斯坦有句至理名言：“興趣是最好的老師”;對社會(huì)，教育的目的就是為社會(huì)培養(yǎng)各種人才，如果不注重學(xué)生興趣，那么他們到社會(huì)不可能盡其所能。有時(shí)候可能埋沒人才。比如一味的強(qiáng)調(diào)分?jǐn)?shù)，那么對發(fā)明有興趣的學(xué)生可能會(huì)失去動(dòng)力，e.g.哥白尼以前學(xué)醫(yī)，愛因斯坦小時(shí)候?qū)W習(xí)并不好，牛頓因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)蘋果而想到萬有引力等等。

  2、 學(xué)校須努力發(fā)現(xiàn)并培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的興趣。因?yàn)橛行W(xué)生沒有意識到自己的興趣，所以學(xué)校要在這方面作引導(dǎo)。E.g.學(xué)?？梢酝ㄟ^開設(shè)多種選修課，豐富學(xué)生課余生活并組織各類社團(tuán)活動(dòng)，增加各類獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金等方法來鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生培養(yǎng)自己的興趣。

  3、 但是，鼓勵(lì)興趣的培養(yǎng)不等于學(xué)校就要根據(jù)每個(gè)學(xué)生的興趣來進(jìn)行教育，這既無意義也不現(xiàn)實(shí)。一方面老師是有限的，而學(xué)生的興趣是各種各樣的;另一方面，年輕的學(xué)生并沒有足夠的判斷力來決定自己該學(xué)什么，比如數(shù)學(xué)，有些學(xué)生不喜歡學(xué)，但是能直接完全放棄嗎?過分強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生興趣勢必會(huì)造成教學(xué)的紊亂，而且學(xué)生的興趣不同階段可能發(fā)生改變。

  4、總結(jié)：是要重視興趣對教育發(fā)揮作用的重要性，但也不可以一味以學(xué)生個(gè)人愛好為轉(zhuǎn)移。

  Argument

  The following appeared in a magazine article about planning for retirement."Clearview should be a top choice for anyone seeking a place to retire, because it has spectacular natural beauty and a consistent climate. Another advantage is that housing costs in Clearview have fallen significantly during the past year, and taxes remain lower than those in neighboring towns. Moreover, Clearview's mayor promises many new programs to improve schools,streets,and public services. And best of all, retirees in Clearview can also expect excellent health care as they grow older, since the number of physicians in the area is far greater than the national average."

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  題目翻譯

  由于Clearview的天然景色和溫和氣候， 它應(yīng)該成為那些為退休后尋找生活地的人的首選。另一項(xiàng)好處是，Clearview的房價(jià)在去年顯著下降，稅賦一直比鄰近城市低。而且，Clearview的市長承諾了很多新方案來改善學(xué)校、街道和公共服務(wù)。最好的一點(diǎn)是，Clearview的退休人員也可以在老年時(shí)享受到出色的醫(yī)療服務(wù)， 因?yàn)樵摰貐^(qū)的醫(yī)生數(shù)量高于全國平均水平。

  提綱分析

  1. Clearview的房價(jià)下降和賦稅比鄰近城市低，并不能足以說明該城市生活花銷少或宜居，且缺少具體數(shù)據(jù)比較等。

  2. 雖然提及市長的承諾，但只是說要改善，并不明確了解新方案尤其是涉及公共服務(wù)等方面的具體舉措有什么，也不確定承諾何時(shí)成真，所以并無法吸引退休人員。

  3. 并不能因?yàn)樵摰貐^(qū)醫(yī)生數(shù)量多，就直接得出醫(yī)療服務(wù)出色這個(gè)結(jié)論，人數(shù)和質(zhì)量并不能成正比。而且如 Clearview 原本人口就很多，那醫(yī)生數(shù)量高也是正常的，退休人員過去居住也并感受不到什么優(yōu)勢。

  填空等價(jià)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. In the solar system, collisions among the planets are among the most _____processes shaping surfaces: many a picture of the planets in it show that a proliferation of impact craters happened in the last 4 to 5 billion years.

  A. cataclysmic

  B. pervasive

  C. misleading

  D. clairvoyant

  E. vivacious

  答案：E

  解析：在太陽系中，行星碰撞形成的表面是最_____過程之一：這行星的圖片顯示，增殖許多隕石坑發(fā)生在過去 40 到 50 億年。A.激變 B.普適 c.誤導(dǎo) D.透視 E.活潑,通過后半句的年份可以看出其實(shí)是想體現(xiàn)過程的緩慢，也就是說最快的過程也需要非常久的時(shí)間，答案選E。

  2. Researchers in University of Maryland discover that many people subconsciously think that in assessment of others competence and warmth are(i) _____: when they feel someone is highly capable,they will assert that he or she must have a tendency to be (ii) _____.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. clearly interconnected D. passive

  B. inversely related E. nonchalant

  C. physically paralyzed F. unfeeling

  答案：BE

  解析：A 顯然是相互聯(lián)系的 D.消極的B 成反比 E.漠不關(guān)心的 C 肢體癱瘓 F.沒有同情心的 可以看出 i 為 B，ii 為 E，答案符合邏輯。

  3. View people as "social atoms" that obey rather simple rules (which are not unlike the laws of physics),we may discover certain patterns, or "(i)_____"Buchanan illustrates the approach with a very simple example:the way channels emerge when people move in crowds.In the midst of initially (ii) _____movements,one person begins to follow another in an effort to avoid collisions,and streams of movement emerge. As more people join such streams,there is greater pull on others to join in the flow,and the particular channels become (iii) _____.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. law-like regularities D. clear G. self‐perpetuating

  B. regular cases E. tranquil H. self-defacing

  C. convoluted disorders F. chaotic I. self-sufficient

  答案：AFG

  解析：人們行為有固定模式或(i)_____，比如說一開始大家都(ii)_____移動(dòng)，然后一個(gè)人開始跟著另一個(gè)人走以免碰撞，然后就出現(xiàn)了通道。隨著更多人參與進(jìn)來，通道就變得(iii)_____空白(i) 空白(ii) 空白(ii)

  A 法規(guī) D.清楚的 G.能使自身永久存在的

  B.常例 E.平靜的 H.自我丑化的

  C.紊亂 F.混亂的 I.自給自足的

  在空白(i)中要選擇“固定模式”的同義詞，所以選擇 A。在空白(ii)中要說一開始是沒有通道的，所以選擇 F。在空白(ii)中要說通道會(huì)一直存在著，所以選擇 G

  4. The eccentric Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King,often used stances to contact his dead pet dog for advice; despite this _____ behavior,the public had so much confidence in his ability as a leader that he was in power for 22 years.

  A. capricious

  B. lackluster

  C. poised

  D. unconventional

  E. repulsive

  F. decorous

  答案：AD

  解析：這道題是說人們還是很相信加拿大總理的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力，雖然古怪的他會(huì)有向死去的寵物狗咨詢的_____行為。

  A.任性無常 B.平凡 C.鎮(zhèn)定 D.非傳統(tǒng) E.令人厭惡 F.穩(wěn)重端莊

  這里要對應(yīng)“古怪的”，所以選擇 A.D.

  5. The circulation of the blood makes human adaptability to the _____conditions of life, such as fluctuating atmospheric pressure, level of physical activity, and diet, possible.

  A. inveterate

  B. dynamic

  C. timorous

  D. cowed

  E. turgid

  F. oscillating

  答案：BF

  解析：這道題是說血液循環(huán)讓人們適應(yīng)_____的生活條件，比如說波動(dòng)的大氣壓力，不同的體力活動(dòng)以及飲食。

  A.根深蒂固的 B.動(dòng)態(tài)的 C.膽怯的 D.受到恐嚇的 E.晦澀難懂的 F.浮動(dòng)的

  這里要對應(yīng)“波動(dòng)的”，“不同的”，所以選擇 B.F.

  6. Despite the implications of their noble status, many aristocrats were virtually penniless and lived in a state of _____.

  A. indigence

  B. opulence

  C. eminence

  D. penury

  E. depravity

  F. complacency

  答案：AD

  解析：這道題是說雖然貴族身份顯赫，但是他們中很多人身無分文，生活狀態(tài)_____。

  A.貧窮 B.富裕 C.名聲顯赫 D.貧窮 E.墮落 F.自滿

  這里要對應(yīng)“身無分文的”，所以選擇 A.D.

  數(shù)學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1.

  Quantity A: x

  Quantity B: y

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：D

  解析：只從 PQ=RT 而不清楚 QR 的長度，是無法判斷 x 和 y 度數(shù)大小的，因此選 D。

  2. Jim exercised last Monday at 6:00 in the evening and then exercised every third day after that. For example, after last Monday, he exercised the following Thursday and then the Sunday following that. How many days after last Monday will be the next Monday he exercises?

  答案：21

  解析：周一鍛煉，之后每隔3天鍛煉，問下次鍛煉為周一時(shí)與第一次周一間隔多少天，窮舉法 1,4,7,3,6,2,5,1，當(dāng)中間隔三周，因此為 21 天。

  3. The population of Country X for 1980 was p. The population of Country X increased by 3.8 percent in each of the next two years.

  Quantity A: The population of Country X for 1982.

  Quantity B: 1.076p

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：A

  解析：Quantity A 計(jì)算公式為 p(1+3.8%)^2, 得出結(jié)果約為 1.077p，A 大于 B，所以選 A。

  4. If x < y, which of the following must be true?

  A. 2x < y

  B. 2x > y

  C. x^2 < y^2

  D. 2x-y < y

  E. 2x-y < 2xy

  答案：D

  解析：D 項(xiàng)可變形為 2x < 2y, 即題干的 x < y, 是唯一正確解，其它等式缺乏條件，無法成立。

  5. 1/2 < r < 1

  Quantity A: 2r

  Quantity B: 1/r

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：D

  解析：如果 r=2/3, 則 A=4/3 B=1.5, AB。因此存在不同結(jié)果無法判斷，所以選 D。

  閱讀邏輯機(jī)經(jīng)

  短篇閱讀

  Few mathematical constructs seem as conceptually simple as that of randomness.According to the traditional definition, a number is random if it is chosen purely as the result of a probabilistic mechanism such as the roll of a fair die.I'd their ground breaking work regarding complexity and the limitations of formal systems,mathematicians Gregory Chaitin and A.N.Kolmogorov force us to consider this last claim more closely.Consider two possible outcomes of throwing a fair die three times: first,1,6,and 2;second 3,3,and 3.Now let us construct two three-member sets based on the results.Though the first set—{1,6,2}—intuitively seems more random than the second—{3,3,3},they are each as likely to occur, and thus according to the accepted definition,must be considered equally random.This unwelcome result prompts Chaitin and Kolmogorov to suggest the need for a new standard of randomness,one that relies on the internal coherence of the set as opposed to its origin.

  1. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as whole?

  A. A concept is introduced; a traditional definition is put forward; a thought experiment is described; a new definition is proposed; the traditional definition is amended as a result.

  B. A concept is introduced;a traditional definition is supported by authorities;a thought experiment is described; the implications of the experiment are discussed.

  C. A concept is introduced;a traditional definition is considered and rejected;a thought experiment is described; a new definition is proposed.

  D. A concept is introduced; a traditional definition is called into question; a thought experiment is described; the implications of the experiment are discussed.

  E. A concept is introduced;authorities are called in to reevaluate a definition;a thought experiment is described; the implications of the experiment are considered

  and rejected.

  答案：C

  解析：根據(jù)文章主旨，文章首先介紹了隨機(jī)這個(gè)概念，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C中：…concept…introduced…;然后再詳細(xì)展開，并且說了這個(gè)定義的不足，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)C中：…traditional…considered and rejected;接著舉例介紹了擲骰子實(shí)驗(yàn)，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng) C中：…thought experiment…;最后說要有基于內(nèi)在統(tǒng)一的新定義出現(xiàn)才可以：對應(yīng)選項(xiàng) C中：…new definition…。

  2. Consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply.Which of the following is an inference made in the passage above?

  A. The results of the same probabilistic mechanism will each be as likely as the other to occur.

  B. According to the traditional definition of randomness, two numbers should be considered equally random if they result from the same probabilistic mechanism.

  C. Different probabilistic mechanisms are likely to result in similar outcomes.

  答案：B

  解析：注意這不是一道單選題，而是一道針對每個(gè)選項(xiàng)是否正確的選擇題。A 選項(xiàng)不夠嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，若是按照傳統(tǒng)定義則為正確，若是按照新定義則為錯(cuò)誤，所以不能選;B 選項(xiàng)符合傳統(tǒng)定義，只要是從隨機(jī)機(jī)器里抽選出來的都是隨機(jī)的;C 選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在 different…mechanisms，原文沒有比較不同的隨機(jī)機(jī)器。

  長篇閱讀

  Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of the industrial worker in the England of the 1840s.What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell,to convey the experience of everyday life in working class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotate reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons’ living room, and”. The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect.

  As a member of the middle class,Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons’ house, and of John Barton and his friend’s discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families’ emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D. H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Barton, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.

  The chapter “Old Alice’s History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers.The account of Job Leigh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness.The early chapters—about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields,about Alice Wilson,remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see, about job Leigh, intent on his impaled insects—capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers.

  1. It can be inferred from examples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of industrialism” for many members of the English working class in the nineteenth century.

  A. Extortionate food prices

  B. Geographical displacement

  C. Hazardous working conditions

  D. Alienation from fellow workers

  E. Dissolution of family ties

  答案：C

  解析：根據(jù)文章最后一段，織布工和自然主義者 Job Leigh 看到被刺穿的昆蟲非常著急，我們可以推測出織布工廠會(huì)造成傷害十分危險(xiǎn)，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng) C 中：Hazardous working conditions。

  2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Barton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell

  A. concentrated on the emotions of a single character

  B. made no attempt to re-create experiences of which she had no firsthand knowledge

  C. made no attempt to reproduce working-class dialects

  D. grown up in an industrial city

  E. managed to transcend her position as an outsider

  答案：E

  解析：根據(jù)文章第二段最后一句，如果 Gaskell 可以在描述中加入足夠多的參與感，Mary Barton 會(huì)顯得更加真實(shí)。再根據(jù)文章第二段第一句，我們知道作者 Gaskell 是中產(chǎn)階級，所以寫 Mary Barton 時(shí)總有局外人的感覺。結(jié)合起來我們知道，如果作者 Gaskell 可以超越自己的身份地位，更有參與感地描述工人階級，Mary Barton 會(huì)是一本更好的書，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng) E 中：…transcend…position…outsider。

  3. Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Gaskell’s use of the method of documentary record in Mary Barton?

  A. uncritical enthusiasm

  B. Unresolved ambivalence

  C. Qualified approval

  D. Resigned acceptance

  E. Mild irritation

  答案：C

  解析：根據(jù)文章第一段最后一句，這樣的描述好處是巨大的，雖然這種描述方法會(huì)讓讀者感覺心理距離變遠(yuǎn)了?！昂锰幨蔷薮蟮摹睂?yīng)選項(xiàng) C 中：approval，“雖然這種描述方法會(huì)讓讀者感覺心理距離變遠(yuǎn)了”對應(yīng)選項(xiàng) C 中：Qualified。

  4. Which of the following is most closely analogous to Job Leigh in Marry Barton, as that character is described in the passage?

  A. An entomologist who collected butterflies as a child

  B. A small-town attorney whose hobby is nature photography

  C. A young man who leaves his family’s dairy farm to start his own business

  D. A city dweller who raises exotic plants on the roof of his apartment building

  E. A union organizer who works in a textile mill under dangerous conditions

  答案：E

  解析：根據(jù)文章最后一段第二句話，我們知道 Job Leigh 是織布工，也是專注于研究生物學(xué)的自然主義者，工業(yè)化讓他變得對活著的東西從喜歡到偏執(zhí)。再根據(jù)文章最后一段第三句話，我們知道 Job Leigh 對被工業(yè)化害死的昆蟲非常擔(dān)憂。我們可以從他是織布工的職業(yè)推測出他在紡織廠工作，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)E 中：works in a textile mill，我們還可以從他總是看到昆蟲被工業(yè)化的機(jī)器所傷害，推測出他的工作環(huán)境很危險(xiǎn)，對應(yīng)選項(xiàng)E 中：under dangerous conditions。

  邏輯閱讀

  Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen,through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’wet weight.Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal.If,for example,some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur,normally torpid,the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously,via anaerobic glycolysis,the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.

  The passage's suggestion that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate's size is based on which of the following assumption?

  A. larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates

  B. larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates

  C. the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size

  D. the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size

  E. the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize

  答案：E

  解析：本文是關(guān)于無氧糖酵解產(chǎn)生能量的過程，且提出動(dòng)物體積越大，所產(chǎn)生的能量儲(chǔ)備也就越多。以恐龍為例，說明其遭遇攻擊所能產(chǎn)生的能量之巨大。題干中問"the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate's size"這一論點(diǎn)是根據(jù)哪一條假定推斷出來的，通讀選項(xiàng)不難得出 E。

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