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  作文機(jī)經(jīng)

  Issue

  "People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered,separate goals,people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family,the community,or society as a whole."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題干分析：

  現(xiàn)在的人們過于追求個(gè)人主義，與其追求以個(gè)人為中心、孤立的目標(biāo)，人們更需要明白滿足感是源于為家庭、社區(qū)甚至整個(gè)社會(huì)的更大利益而服務(wù)。可圍繞少數(shù)和多數(shù)人的利益比重，價(jià)值等展開討論。

  Outline：

  Extreme individualism has become a serious threat to the social fabric and the welfare of all members of society.

  1. Some people may claim that the greater good of the family, the community or society lies in the good of the individual, which justifies the pursuit of self-interests.

  2. The problem daunting contemporary society is that egoism as run wild.

  3. Today there is every need for the society to encourage individuals to work for the interests of others.

  Argument

  The following is a memorandum from the business manager of a television station.

  "Over the past year, our late-night news program has devoted increased time to national news and less time to weather and local news.During this period,most of the complaints received from viewers were concerned with our station's coverage of weather and local news. In addition, local businesses that used to advertise during our late-night news program have canceled their advertising contracts with us.Therefore,in order to attract more viewers to our news programs and to avoid losing any further advertising revenues,we should expand our coverage of weather and local news on all our news programs."

  Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

  翻譯：

  為吸引更多觀眾并避免廣告收入繼續(xù)流失，我們應(yīng)該在所有新聞節(jié)目中加大對(duì)天氣和當(dāng)?shù)匦侣劦膱?bào)道。因?yàn)槿ツ晡覀円归g新聞一直在增加全國新聞的時(shí)間，天氣和當(dāng)?shù)匦侣劦臅r(shí)間少了。同一時(shí)間我們收到的大多觀眾投訴都是與天氣和當(dāng)?shù)匦侣動(dòng)嘘P(guān)的。另外當(dāng)?shù)貛准乙郧霸谝归g新聞節(jié)目有廣告的公司剛撤消了與我們的廣告合同。

  分析：

  1. 不一定成立的前提，這樣的改變使得夜間新聞不受觀眾歡迎。首先論者沒有提供數(shù)據(jù)表明夜間新聞的收視率從發(fā)生這樣的改變后是否有下降的趨勢，所以我們不能得出這樣的結(jié)論。其次，論者說接到的大多數(shù)投訴是關(guān)于天氣和當(dāng)?shù)匦侣劦模г沟膬?nèi)容是什么論者沒有提供，我們不能排除是說節(jié)目不真實(shí)，而不一定是說量不夠。另外，大多數(shù)是多少?如果最近的投訴一共只有兩三個(gè)，那么一兩個(gè)抱怨也同樣不能說明這樣的改變有問題。

  2. 不一定成立的前提，這樣的改變使得廣告被撤。論者沒有提供有關(guān)為什么廣告被撤，因而不能在這兩者之間建立起必然的因?yàn)槁?lián)系。因?yàn)橥耆衅渌虼嬖冢裙矩?cái)力發(fā)生問題，或是公司的其他策略有變化，這都有可能使廣告被撤。

  3. 即使這樣的改變使得夜間新聞不受觀眾歡迎，但也不能推廣到全天節(jié)目。因?yàn)橐归g新聞的收視率一般來說最小，其觀眾的收視興趣也與其他時(shí)段不同。所以不代表所有節(jié)目都需要這么做。

  4. 結(jié)論：論者應(yīng)該對(duì)變化后的節(jié)目做一次收視調(diào)查，并了解撤廣告的原因，才能得出正確的答案。另外，各時(shí)段節(jié)目特點(diǎn)不一樣，不能一刀切。

  填空等價(jià)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. In his unexpurgated autobiography, Mark Twain commented freely on the flaws and foibles of his country, making some observations so _____ that his heirs and editors feared they would damage Twain's reputation if not withheld.

  A. buoyant

  B. acerbic

  C. premonitory

  D. laudatory

  E. temperate

  答案： B

  解析：題目翻譯成在馬克吐溫的完整自傳中，他對(duì)自己的國家的缺陷和弱點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了自由評(píng)論。從而使得一些言論過于尖刻，以至于他的繼承者和編輯害怕如果他們不堅(jiān)持與馬克吐溫保持觀點(diǎn)一致的話，將會(huì)破壞他的名譽(yù)。所以這里最恰當(dāng)?shù)氖? B 選項(xiàng)，acerbic 為尖刻的。A 選項(xiàng)，buoyant 為輕快的，feared 在文中表示害怕、恐懼，可以推測原文的語境是偏向消極而不是積極的。所以不正確;C 選項(xiàng)，premonitory 為先兆的，和原句含義無關(guān);D 選項(xiàng),laudatory 為贊美的，與原句語境相反;E 選項(xiàng)，temperate，溫和的，同樣與原句語境不符。

  2. The controversy about Alexander the Great’s personality derives from the fact that our sources are (i) _____, all eyewitness accounts having perished.What remains is, at best, (ii) _____ (one history, for instance, is based largely on the now-lost memoirs of Alexander’s alleged half-brother, Ptolemy) and at worst, highly unreliable.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. outdated D. secondhand

  B. inadequate E. repetitious

  C. abstruse F. deceptive

  答案：B D

  解析：題目翻譯成：對(duì)亞歷山大大帝個(gè)性的爭論來自于我們的史料是不充分的這個(gè)事實(shí)，所有的目擊者已逝。剩下的資料，最好的情況是二手的，(一段歷史，舉例來說，很大程度上是基于已經(jīng)失傳的亞歷山大同父異母的兄弟托勒密寫的回憶錄)，最壞的情況，非常不可靠。第一空后面一句說所有的目擊者已逝，暗示留下來的史料是不充分的。outdated,過時(shí)的;abstruse，深?yuàn)W的;所以最恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項(xiàng)是 B 不充分的。第二空后面提到亞歷山大同父異母的兄弟的回憶錄，說明是二手史料。 repetitious，重復(fù)的;deceptive，欺詐的。所以最恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項(xiàng)是 D 二手的，間接獲得的。

  3. While some commentators suggest that abstraction and complexity in scientific research are signs that a given direction is misguided, Lisa Randall, a professor of physics at Harvard, counters that these qualities instead reflect the success of human ingenuity in (i) _____ the increasingly (ii) _____ challenges that nature presents. They can, however, make it more (iii) _____ to communicate scientific developments, even to colleague.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. creating D. difficult G. challenging

  B. meeting E. conspicuous H. unproductive

  C. eschewing F. pragmatic I. advantageous

  答案：B D G

  解析：題目翻譯成：盡管一些評(píng)論員認(rèn)為，科學(xué)研究的抽象性和復(fù)雜性表明一個(gè)給定的方向是錯(cuò)誤的。哈佛大學(xué)的物理學(xué)教授 Lisa Randall 反駁說，相反，這些特征反映了人們在成功應(yīng)對(duì)大自然日益困難的挑戰(zhàn)方面的創(chuàng)造力。只是，這些特征使科學(xué)發(fā)展的交流更具挑戰(zhàn)性，即使是在同事之間。第一空是固定搭配，meeting challenges; 所以最恰當(dāng)?shù)倪x項(xiàng)是 B. eschewing,避開。第二空第三空可由開頭的 abstraction and complexity 推斷，大自然的挑戰(zhàn)是越來越困難的，科學(xué)發(fā)展的交流也是越來越有挑戰(zhàn)性的。conspicuous，顯而易見的;pragmatic，實(shí)際的;unproductive,徒勞的，不毛的;advantageous,有利的，有益的，不合題意。

  4. Consumers may think that genetic engineering of foods is something new,but humans have been modifying plants for ages;the _____ is not that new genes are introduced but that genes can now be moved from one species to another.

  A. novelty

  B. quandary

  C. advantage

  D. innovation

  E. discrepancy

  F. predicament

  答案：AD

  解析：題目翻譯成在消費(fèi)者們可能認(rèn)為基因工程的食品是新奇的事物。但人類很久以來都在改變植物;創(chuàng)新不是指新基因被引入而是如今基因能夠從一個(gè)物種轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)物種上。這里最恰當(dāng)?shù)氖? A、D 選項(xiàng)，novelty 為新奇。innovation 為創(chuàng)新。B 選項(xiàng)，quandary 為困境，原句提到的重點(diǎn)是 something new, 而不是消極的含義，因此 B 原句含義無關(guān);C 選項(xiàng)，advantage 為優(yōu)勢，與原句的 new 含義不符，不是突出優(yōu)勢;E 選項(xiàng)，discrepancy，為矛盾，與原句語境不符。F 選項(xiàng)，predicament 為困境，同樣與原句語境不符。

  5. Since it was committed to the idea of science as an international, politically neutral enterprise, the Royal Society of London refused to _____ members from enemy nations during world wars of the twentieth century.

  A. betray

  B expel

  C endorse

  D oust

  E sanction

  F condemn

  答案：B D

  解析：前后是因果關(guān)系。句子前半部分大意為科學(xué)是無國界的，中立的。故句子后半部分大意為，皇家科學(xué)協(xié)會(huì)拒絕開除來自敵國的會(huì)員。

  6. Although the insistence on balancing spending against tax revenues has contributed to the economy's stagnation, unfortunately, the government does not seem likely to _____ this rigid policy.

  A initiate

  B persist in

  C publicize

  D repudiate

  E continue

  F recant

  答案：D F

  解析：Unfortunately,表明政府不愿放棄這個(gè)嚴(yán)苛的政策。故選有放棄含義的詞。

  數(shù)學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. Two librarians, Robert and Patricia, cataloged a combined total of 180 new books, each of which was cataloged by only one of the two librarians. Although they spent the same amount of time cataloging their books, Robert spent an average of 15 minutes per book whereas Patricia spent an average of 12 minutes per book.

  Quantity A：The number of books cataloged by Robert

  Quantity B：60

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：A

  解析：設(shè) Robert 整理了 x 本書，Patricia 整理了 y 本書，可得二元一次方程組，x+y=180,15x=12y.所以 x=80,y=100. 所以 A 為 80，B 為 60，A 比 B 大。

  2. One of the solutions of the equation x^2+bx+c= 0 is -3.

  Quantity A：3b

  Quantity B：c+9

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：C

  解析：把 x= -3 帶入等式，即 9-3b+c=0,即 3b=c+9. 所以 A 和 B 相等。

  3. Which of the following is NOT the sum of a set of consecutive positive integers one of which is 1?

  A. 3

  B. 10

  C. 15

  D. 28

  E. 35

  答案：E

  解析：從 1 開始的連續(xù)正整數(shù)相加，A 是1+2，B 是1加到4，C 是1 到5，D 是1 到7，而1到8應(yīng)該是36，所以E是錯(cuò)誤的，選 E。

  4. Each of the 176 people in a group drinks at least one of three beverages—coffee, tea or soda. Of the 94 people in the group who drink coffee,50 drink only coffee. Of the 82 people in the group who drink tea, 40 drink only tea. Of the 66 people in the group who drink soda, 30 drink only soda. If 10 people in the group drink all three beverages, which of the following statements are true about the people in the group? Indicate all such statements.

  A. More people drink only soda than drink only tea.

  B. There are 46 people who drink only two of the beverages.

  C. There are 56 people who drink more than one of the beverage.

  答案：B C

  解析：A 選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤，因?yàn)橛?30 個(gè)人只喝 soda,40 個(gè)人只喝 tea. 所以喝 soda 的人更少。所以 A 錯(cuò)誤。

  只喝一種飲料的人共有 120 個(gè)。一共 176 個(gè)人，所以有 56 個(gè)人喝一種以上的飲料，所以C正確。

  題中又說有 10 個(gè)人喝三種飲料，所以只有 46 個(gè)人喝兩種飲料，所以 B 正確。

  5. If f(x) = 5-2x and f(3k) = f(k+1), then f(k) =?

  A. 0.5

  B. 1

  C. 3

  D. 4

  E. 6

  答案：D

  解析：因?yàn)?f(x) = 5-2x，所以 f(3k) = 5-6k. f(k + 1) = 5-2(k+1) = 3-2k.

  因?yàn)?f(3k) = f(k + 1), 所以 5-6k = 3-2k. 所以 k=0.5.

  所以 f(k) = f(0.5). f(0.5) = 4.所以選 D.

  閱讀邏輯機(jī)經(jīng)

  短篇閱讀

  A novel that is a bestseller is often, because of its popularity, not taken seriously as literature. Critics seem to presuppose that great literature must be somehow burdensome to the reader; it must be difficult for the uninitiated to understand. It is precisely this inverted snobbery that has hindered Isabel Allende’s The House of the Spirits from gaining the critical attention it deserves.Published in 1982, the novel draws deeply on the author's own family history.Allende is the first cousin once removed of former Chilean president Salvador Allende, who was murdered during a right-wing military coup in 1973. Yet rather than the to-be-expected socialist harangue, Allende subtly works her political message within the fabric of the compelling narrative she weaves. While Allende borrows a bit too freely from Gabriel Garcia Marquez's work, she nevertheless has a powerful and original voice within the construct of magical realism.

  1. It can be inferred from the passage that

  A. Allende’ novel is a retelling of her family's political struggles

  B. Allende's novel would have received more favorable reviews if critics had believed it to be great literature

  C. Allende learned about magical realism from Gabriel Garcia Marquez

  D. Allende's novel could have been more compelling if she had included a stronger political message

  E. readers might have expected Allende's work to be more political than it actually was

  答案：A

  解析：題干問可以從文中推測什么，定位至原文第二段第一句話“Published in 1982…family history. Allende is the first…in 1973.”，這兩句話是說小說用了很多自己家庭的故事，Allende 的親戚在政變中失去生命，所以選擇 A.

  長篇閱讀

  By 1950, the results of attempts to relate brain processes to mental experience appeared rather discouraging. Herring suggested that different modes of sensation,such as pain, taste, and color, might be correlated with the discharge of specific kinds of nervous energy. However, subsequently developed methods of recording and analyzing nerve potentials failed to reveal any such qualitative diversity.Although qualitative variance among nerve energies was never rigidly disproved,the doctrine was generally abandoned in favor of the opposing view, namely,that nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality and are transmitted as common currency throughout the nervous system.

  According to this theory, it is not the quality of the sensory nerve impulses that determines the diverse conscious sensations they produce, but rather the different areas of the brain into which they discharge, and there is some evidence for this view. In one experiment, when an electric stimulus was applied to a given sensory field of the cerebral cortex of a conscious human subject, it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex, an auditory sensation from the auditory cortex, and so on.However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value.

  1. The author mentions common currency primarily in order to emphasize the

  A. lack of differentiation among nerve impulses in human beings

  B. similarity of the sensations that all human beings experience

  C. similarities in the views of scientists who have studied the human nervous system

  D. continuous passage of nerve impulses through the nervous system

  E. recurrent questioning by scientists of an accepted explanation about the nervous system

  答案：A

  解析：原句翻譯：神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)本質(zhì)上質(zhì)量相似，并在神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)中流通傳輸。通過語法分析，我們可以知道 common currency 與前面的從句成分 nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous in quality 是并列的，主語都是 nerve impulses，并且common和前面的 homogeneous 都是在講相似，差異小。

  2. The description of an experiment in which electric stimuli were applied to different sensory fields of the cerebral cortex tends to support the theory that

  A. the simple presence of different cortical areas cannot account for the diversity of mental experience

  B. variation in spatiotemporal patterning of nerve impulses correlates with variation in subjective experience

  C. nerve impulses are essentially homogeneous and are relatively unaffected as they travel through the nervous system

  D. the mental experiences produced by sensory nerve impulses are determined by the cortical area activated

  E. variation in neuron types affects the quality of nerve impulses

  答案：D

  解析：定位到文章：可以直接得出答案“it produced a sensation of the appropriate modality for that particular locus, that is, a visual sensation from the visual cortex“電刺激能產(chǎn)生一種對(duì)特定位置的恰當(dāng)?shù)母兄簿褪且曈X中樞的視覺感知。和D選項(xiàng)的 cortical area 腦皮層被刺激使神經(jīng)產(chǎn)生精神反應(yīng)對(duì)應(yīng)。

  3. Which of the following best summarizes the author‘s opinion of the suggestion that different areas of the brain determine perceptions produced by sensory nerve impulses?

  A. It is a plausible explanation, but it has not been completely proved.

  B. It is the best explanation of brain processes currently available.

  C. It is disproved by the fact that the various areas of the brain are physiologically very similar.

  D. There is some evidence to support it, but it fails to explain the diversity of mental experience.

  E. There is experimental evidence that confirms its correctness.

  答案：D

  解析：結(jié)合結(jié)尾句：However, cortical locus, in itself, turned out to have little explanatory value.大腦區(qū)位理論就其本身是幾乎沒有解釋的意義，說明其解釋的價(jià)值和意義還是有限的。

  邏輯閱讀

  In a plausible but speculative scenario, oceanographer Douglas Martinson suggests that temperature increases caused by global warming would not significantly affect the stability of the Antarctic environment, where sea ice forms on the periphery of the continent in the autumn and winter and mostly disappears in the summer. True,less sea ice would form in the winter because global warming would cause temperatures to rise. However, Martinson argues, the effect of a warmer atmosphere may be offset as follows. The formation of sea ice causes the concentration of salt in surface waters to increase; less sea ice would mean a smaller increase in the concentration of salt. Less salty surface waters would be less dense and therefore less likely to sink and stir up deep water. The deep water, with all its stored heat, would rise to the surface at a slower rate. Thus, although the winter sea-ice cover might decrease, the surface waters would remain cold enough so that the decrease would not be excessive.

  1. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is true of the surface waters in the current Antarctic environment?

  A. They are more affected by annual fluctuations in atmospheric temperatures than they would be if they were less salty.

  B. They are less salty than they would be if global warming were to occur.

  C. They are more likely to sink and stir up deep waters than they would be if atmospheric temperatures were to increase.

  D. They are able to offset some of the effects of global warming beyond the Antarctic region.

  E. They are less affected by the temperature of deep water than they would be if atmospheric temperatures were to increase.

  答案：C

  解析：選項(xiàng)是拿 ice 當(dāng)前的狀態(tài)和將來的狀態(tài)對(duì)比，而不是習(xí)慣性理解的 ice 將要如何如何。

  例如 C 選項(xiàng)，是說如果氣溫上升，現(xiàn)在的 ice 比將來的 ice 更可能下沉而 stir up deep waters，反過來說就是將來的 ice(大氣溫度上升之后) less likely to stir up deep waters。

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