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  作文機(jī)經(jīng)

  "In any profession--business, politics, education, government--those in power should step down after five years. The surest path to success for any enterprise is revitalization through new leadership."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position,you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題干分析

  在任何領(lǐng)域中---商業(yè)、政治、教育、政府---掌權(quán)者應(yīng)該在五年后就讓位。這是任何機(jī)構(gòu)獲得成功的最好的方式：通過(guò)更新領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者而保持活力。

  Outline

  Limiting the term of leadership is an effective way to prevent corruption and lack of initiatives.

  1. When leaders have no fear of losing their power, they tend to abuse their power.

  2. A new leadership usually has greater initiative and would ring in new ideas.

  3. However, in certain realms such as business it might not be o necessary to limit the term of leadership.

  4. Furthermore, new leaders often lack the necessary skill and experience to cope with existing problems; therefore, they need a period of time for adaptation.

  Argument

  The following appeared in a memorandum from the owner of Movies Galore, a chain of movie-rental stores.

  "Because of declining profits,we must reduce operating expenses at Movies Galore's ten movie-rental stores.Raising prices is not a good option,since we are famous for our low prices. Instead, we should reduce our operating hours.Last month our store in downtown Marston reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 p.m.rather than 9:00 p.m. and reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any DVD released more than five years ago. Since we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies,we should now adopt them at all other Movies Galore stores as our best strategies for improving profits."

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  題目翻譯

  以下文字出自一連鎖電影租賃店--Movies Galore 擁有者的備忘錄：

  “由于利潤(rùn)下降，我們必須壓縮Movies Galore 十家錄像租賃店的營(yíng)業(yè)開(kāi)支。漲價(jià)并不是一個(gè)好選擇，因?yàn)槲覀兪且虻蛢r(jià)而知名的。相比較我們應(yīng)該采取縮短營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間的策略。上個(gè)月我們位于Marston鬧市區(qū)的店?duì)I業(yè)下班時(shí)間從以前的晚上9點(diǎn)縮短到下午6點(diǎn)，并不再保留發(fā)行五年以上的 DVD以減少總庫(kù)存量。由于我們只收到了很少的關(guān)于這些新政策的客戶(hù)投訴，我們應(yīng)該在所有Movies Galore的店面實(shí)施這些政策來(lái)作為增加利潤(rùn)的最好策略?！?

  說(shuō)明：寫(xiě)一篇文章，闡述需要哪些具體的證據(jù)來(lái)評(píng)價(jià)這個(gè)論證過(guò)程，并解釋這些證據(jù)如何削弱或強(qiáng)化這個(gè)論證過(guò)程。

  題目分析

  A. 前提：because of declining profits, we must reduce operating expenses at Movies Galore's ten movie-rental stores

  由于利潤(rùn)下降，我們必須壓縮 Movies Galore 十家錄像租賃店的營(yíng)業(yè)開(kāi)支we have received very few customer complaints about these new policies我們只收到了很少的關(guān)于這些新政策的客戶(hù)投訴

  B. 結(jié)論：we should now adopt them at all other Movies Galore stores as our best strategies for improving profits

  我們應(yīng)該在所有 Movies Galore 的店面實(shí)施這些政策來(lái)作為增加利潤(rùn)的最好策略

  C. 論據(jù)：

  1. Raising prices is not a good option, since we are famous for our low prices

  漲價(jià)并不是一個(gè)好選擇，因?yàn)槲覀兪且虻蛢r(jià)而知名的

  2. We should reduce our operating hours. Last month our store in downtown Marston reduced its hours by closing at 6:00 p.m. rather than 9:00 p.m. and reduced its overall inventory by no longer stocking any DVD released more than five years ago

  相比較我們應(yīng)該采取縮短營(yíng)業(yè)時(shí)間的策略。上個(gè)月我們位于Marston 鬧市區(qū)的店?duì)I業(yè)下班時(shí)間從以前的晚上9點(diǎn)縮短到下午6點(diǎn)，并不再保留發(fā)行五年以上的 DVD 以減少總庫(kù)存量

  提綱(可攻擊點(diǎn))

  1、Marston 店的行為是否增加了利潤(rùn)?其利潤(rùn)增加是否可能是其他原因?qū)е碌?能否由此得到成功經(jīng)驗(yàn)?還有哪些其他可能的情況?

  2、很少的關(guān)于新政策的客戶(hù)投訴是否能說(shuō)明客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意?客戶(hù)除了投訴之外，還有哪些表示自己不滿(mǎn)的方法?

  3、即使 Marston 店的行為是成功的，其做法在其他店面是否同樣適用?不同的店之間是否存在差異?哪些差異將導(dǎo)致效果的不同?

  4、造成 Movies Galore 利潤(rùn)下降的可能原因有哪些?是否必須通過(guò)壓縮開(kāi)支才能提升利潤(rùn)?還有哪些其他因素不利潤(rùn)存在更直接的關(guān)系?

  5、是否因?yàn)榈蛢r(jià)而知名就不能漲價(jià)?

  填空等價(jià)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. The jury's verdict was such a surprise that the populace rioted in the streets;nothing less than a reversal of the verdict could ____ them.

  A. mollify

  B. emulsify

  C. denigrate

  D. petrify

  E. disabuse

  答案：A

  解析：法庭裁決引發(fā)民眾暴動(dòng)，除非決定被推翻否則無(wú)法安撫。此處符合句子整體句意的只有A選項(xiàng)。其他選項(xiàng)意思均為無(wú)關(guān)或者錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。

  2. Federal efforts to regulate standards on educational achievements have been met by(i) ____ from the states;local governments feel that government imposition represents an undue infringement on their (ii) ____.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. receptivity D. autonomy

  B. intransigence E. legislation

  C. compromise F. comportment

  答案：BD

  解析：大意為聯(lián)邦政府的政策受到了地方政府的抵制，因?yàn)榈胤秸X(jué)得這種強(qiáng)制做法侵犯了他們的自主權(quán)。第一空A選項(xiàng)意思無(wú)關(guān)，C為妥協(xié)，和正確選項(xiàng)完全相反。第二空E為法規(guī)，聯(lián)邦政府做法并沒(méi)有違法，只是侵犯了地方政府自主權(quán)，所以不對(duì)。F 意思無(wú)關(guān)。

  3. Many popular musicians have (i) ____ new digital technologies that allow them unprecedented control over their music. These musicians use computers to (ii) ____ and modify their songs, resulting in a level of musical precision often unattainable naturally. Of course, though,as is often the case with new technologies,some traditionalists (iii) ____ these developments.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. incorporated D. energize G. balk at

  B. Synthesized E. delineate H. revel in

  C. alleviated F. recast I. retaliate

  答案：AFG

  解析：本句大意為許多流行音樂(lè)家采用了新的數(shù)碼技術(shù)來(lái)創(chuàng)作歌曲，重塑并修改了他們的歌，這種做法受到了傳統(tǒng)人士的反對(duì)。第一空B為人工合成，但用在此處意思不對(duì)，因?yàn)榇颂帉?duì)象為技術(shù)而不是音樂(lè)。C 選項(xiàng)意思完全不對(duì)。第二空 DE 選項(xiàng)意思不對(duì)。第三空反對(duì)的意思最佳，H 完全相反，I 程度過(guò)于激烈，意思都不對(duì)。

  4. In a book that inclines to ____ an epilogue arguing that ballet is dead arrives simply as one more overstatement.

  A. pessimism

  B. misinterpretation

  C. imprecision

  D. vagueness

  E. exaggeration

  F. hyperbole

  答案：EF

  解析：本題除 EF 外另有一組同近義詞為 CD，但根據(jù)句中意思，說(shuō)芭蕾已死只不過(guò)是overstatement，因此正確選項(xiàng)為 EF，AB 選項(xiàng)意思無(wú)關(guān)。

  5. Not only was this writer content to leave the reading public in the dark,she seems to have ____ the role of trickster,seeding her works with apparent clues

  that led nowhere.

  A. rejected

  B. disdained

  C. relished

  D. participated in

  E. delighted in

  F. developed

  答案：CE

  解析：作者不僅讓讀者看得一頭霧水，還享受扮演欺詐師的角色，在作品留下了一些明顯卻毫無(wú)用處的線(xiàn)索。只有C E意思符合，其它選項(xiàng)都存在問(wèn)題且找不到匹配同近義詞。

  6. William Perkins, his ____ speaking style notwithstanding, has long been seen as the moderate face of his political party.

  A. fiery

  B. genteel

  C. bumbling

  D. unremarkable

  E. affable

  F. impassioned

  答案：AF

  解析：本題關(guān)鍵詞為 notwithstanding，因此空格內(nèi)詞匯應(yīng)該和后面的moderate相反，符合這一條件的一組選項(xiàng)為 AF。

  數(shù)學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. The roots of the equation x^2 - x - 6 = 0 are

  A, 1 and - 5

  B. 2 and - 3

  C. 3 and - 2

  D. 5 and - 1

  E. none of the above

  答案：C

  解析：方程式可轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)?x-3)(x+2)=0, roots也就是方式的根即為3和-2。

  2. Quantity A：The least prime number greater than 24

  Quantity B：The greatest prime number less than 28

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：A

  解析：大于24的最小質(zhì)數(shù)為29，而B(niǎo)的任何一個(gè)數(shù)字都小于28，因此選 A。

  3. Quantity A：54% of 360

  Quantity B：150

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：A

  解析：無(wú)需具體計(jì)算 A，大致計(jì)算360的50%為180 大于B即可。

  4.

      Quantity A：PS

  Quantity B：SR

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：D

  解析：根據(jù)條件可知三角形為等腰三角形，但缺乏其它條件因此無(wú)法判斷 PS 和 SR 的長(zhǎng)度，無(wú)從比較，所以選 D。

  5. A merchant made a profit of $5 on the sale of a sweater that cost the merchant $15.What is the profit expressed as a percent of the merchant's cost? Give your answer to the nearest whole percent.

  答案：33%

  解析：賣(mài)了件cost15塊的衣服，賺到了5元profit，求profit和cost的百分比,也就是5/15，因?yàn)橐笳麛?shù)，因此約等于33%。

  閱讀邏輯機(jī)經(jīng)

  短篇閱讀

  Immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species,fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males.A female stores sperm and can determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized.By Fisher's genetic argument that the sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted, it should pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters.Hamilton,noting that the eggs develop within their host—the larva of another insect—and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse,offered a remarkably cogent analysis.Since only one female usually lays eggs in a given larva,it would pay her to produce one male only,because this one male could fertilize all his sisters on emergence.Like Fisher,Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking for a strategy.

  The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists

  A. conducted their research at approximately the same time

  B. sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied

  C. sought an explanation of why certain sex ratios exist and remain stable

  D. studied game theory, thereby providing important groundwork for the later development of strategy theory

  E. studied reproduction in the same animal species

  答案：C

  解析：定位到文章最后一句話(huà),結(jié)合文章主旨直接得出答案。A. 新內(nèi)容,same time; B. 新內(nèi)容,manipulate;(注：sought是seek(尋求)的過(guò)去式;)C. 答案;D. 新內(nèi)容,game theory(實(shí)際上該文是由長(zhǎng)閱讀截取的,未保留的部門(mén)是有涉及博弈論的內(nèi)容的), later development;E. 雖然貌似一直都在說(shuō) reproduction,但是文章主旨是強(qiáng)調(diào) sex ratios.

  長(zhǎng)篇閱讀

  Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary,flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted.According to this formulation,highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization.

  However,the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts,even though it may be valid for the sciences.Difference between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals.For the sciences,a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act.Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits,but rather an aesthetic particular.Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit,in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.

  This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field;the composer Monteverdi,who created music of the highest aesthetic value,comes to mind.More generally,however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works,such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata,are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music.On the other hand,Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means.It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention.But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules.Rather,he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits the rules,forms,and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart,Handel and Bach in strikingly original ways.

  1. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with

  A. deep skepticism

  B. strong indignation

  C. marked indifference

  D. moderate amusement

  E. sharp derision

  答案：A

  解析：

  A.深表懷疑【正確選項(xiàng)，作者不認(rèn)為科學(xué)和藝術(shù)是一回事并且舉例說(shuō)明】

  B.十分不滿(mǎn)，義憤填膺【反，但帶有作者個(gè)人情緒，本文中作者并未抨擊，叧是持反對(duì)意見(jiàn)】

  C.明顯的無(wú)所謂【顯然是一種中立的態(tài)度】

  D.適度的興趣(即有點(diǎn)興趣)【正向評(píng)價(jià)，不選】

  E. 尖銳的嘲笑【與B 選項(xiàng)同理，作者只是不同意，但并沒(méi)有嘲笑】

  2. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that

  A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientists

  B. is accepted immediately by the scientific com- munity

  C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data

  D. presents the discovery of a new scientific fact

  E. introduces a new valid generalization

  答案：E

  解析：

  a. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways.Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data,serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory.

  這個(gè)是關(guān)于science 的說(shuō)明，大致想表明的就是innovative science produce new propositions 但是跟D選項(xiàng)的discover new scientific fact意思上還是有點(diǎn)差距的。因?yàn)槲闹械膒ropositions 主要是關(guān)于各種現(xiàn)象之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性。并沒(méi)說(shuō)發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)新的事實(shí)之類(lèi)的。

  b. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits,but rather an aesthetic particular.

  這個(gè)就說(shuō)的更加明顯了，既然強(qiáng)調(diào)了藝術(shù)和科學(xué)的區(qū)別,然后說(shuō)藝術(shù)并不是produce a new generalization那么可以推斷出就是科學(xué)produce a new generalization 了。

  3. The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?

  A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?

  B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?

  C. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?

  答案：A B

  解析：A. 定位第一句話(huà)

  B. 定位最后一句話(huà),貝多芬實(shí)際是一位無(wú)人匹及的策略家，他以非凡的原創(chuàng)方式，把他從海頓、莫扎特和巳赫這樣的前輩們那里繼承來(lái)的規(guī)則、模式和約定發(fā)揮到了極致。

  C. 選項(xiàng)是說(shuō)同時(shí)embody new principle和have high aesthetic value的人有哪些。而整個(gè)最后一段，都在將講有創(chuàng)新和高價(jià)值不一定相關(guān)(has little bearing) ，先是舉Florentine Camerata 說(shuō)創(chuàng)新不一定意味著 masterpiece ，然后說(shuō)莫扎特《費(fèi)加羅的婚禮》雖然沒(méi)什么創(chuàng)新，仍被認(rèn)為很杰出。最后講貝多芬的意思是，大家覺(jué)得貝多芬很成功，好像是因?yàn)榇蚱屏朔h，但他其實(shí)并沒(méi)有什么顛覆性的創(chuàng)新。所以后面列舉的人，都和「同時(shí)」?jié)M足兩個(gè)條件無(wú)關(guān)。

  邏輯閱讀

  Influenced by the view of some twentieth-century feminists that women's position within the family is one of the central factors determining women's social position,some historians have underestimated the significance of the woman suffrage movement.These historians contend that nineteenth-century suffragism was less radical and,hence,less important than,for example,the moral reform movement or domestic feminism—two nineteenth-century movements in which women struggled for more power and autonomy within the family.True,by emphasizing these struggles,such historians have broadened the conventional view of nineteenth-century feminism,but they do a historical disservice to suffragism.Nineteenth-century feminists and anti-feminist alike perceived the suffragists' demand for enfranchisement as the most radical element in women's protest,in part because suffragists were demanding power that was not based on the institution of the family,women's traditional sphere.

  The passage provides information to support which of the following statements about the historians discussed in the passage EXCEPT

  A. They rely too greatly on the perceptions of the actual participants in the events they study.

  B. Their assessment of the significance of nineteenth-century suffragism differs considerably from that of nineteenth-century feminists.

  C. They devote too much attention to nineteenth-century suffragism at the expense of more radical movements that emerged shortly after the turn of the century.

  答案：AC

  解析：A 錯(cuò)是因?yàn)槟切?historians 被 20 世紀(jì)的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)者影響了，而不是十九世紀(jì)的女權(quán)運(yùn)動(dòng)者。

  C錯(cuò)是因?yàn)槭聦?shí)剛好相反，他們覺(jué)得 suffrage 后面的 movement 更 radical 和更important。所以他們不會(huì) pay too much attentions 在 suffrage 上。

  B 對(duì)是因?yàn)閔istorians 是站在20世紀(jì)的女權(quán)主義者角度講的，所以和當(dāng)時(shí)十九世紀(jì)的女權(quán)主義者想的不一樣。

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